Medulla & pons
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established in centers located in the brainstem, specifically in the medulla oblongata and pons. These areas control the respiratory rhythm and coordinate the muscles involved in breathing.
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Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, the membranes surrounding the lungs, which can cause sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing or coughing. In some cases, the irritation of the diaphragm or surrounding areas due to pleurisy can trigger hiccups. The diaphragm, a muscle involved in breathing, is closely connected to the nerves that control the hiccup reflex. Thus, inflammation or irritation in the chest region can inadvertently lead to hiccup episodes.
The control of rhythmic activities like breathing is primarily governed by neural circuits located in the brainstem, particularly within the medulla oblongata and pons. These areas contain central pattern generators (CPGs), which are networks of neurons that produce rhythmic output without requiring sensory feedback. The CPGs coordinate the contraction of respiratory muscles by generating rhythmic bursts of activity, facilitating the inhalation and exhalation cycles essential for breathing. This rhythmic pattern is influenced by various inputs, including chemoreceptors that monitor blood gas levels.
The nervous system's control of speech, touch, and sound involves several key components. The motor cortex, part of the central nervous system, coordinates speech production by signaling the muscles involved in vocalization. Sensory input related to touch is processed by the somatosensory cortex, while sound perception is managed by the auditory cortex. Together, these areas integrate sensory information and motor responses to facilitate communication and interaction with the environment.
The medulla oblongata is responsible for breathing as well as heart rate. It is located in the lower half of the brainstem, and is considered to be one of the oldest (earliest developed) brain areas. It is unconsciously controlled.
Yes, a stroke can affect breathing, particularly if it impacts areas of the brain responsible for respiratory control. Strokes can lead to muscle weakness, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which are essential for breathing. Additionally, if a stroke affects the brainstem, it can disrupt autonomic functions, including the regulation of breathing patterns. Rehabilitation and therapy may be necessary to address these respiratory challenges following a stroke.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The nerves leading from the spinal cord make up the peripheral nervous system.
-cranial nerves: which are located on the brain and carry impulses to the head and neck -spinal nerves: which extend from the spine and provide information to areas of the body below the neck -autonomile nerves: which responsible for involuntary body functions such as breathing and digestion
Time Warner is involved in many areas of business. These areas include communications, media, entertainment, and music. However, they hold investments in many other areas of business.
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The corticospinal tract carries impulses from the cerebrum to lower CNS areas, primarily to control voluntary movements throughout the body. It is involved in motor function and helps in coordinating muscle movements.