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The respiratory system is made of the conducting airways (bronchi, bronchioles, etc.) and the alveoli (air sacs). Alveloi are lined with two major cell types: type I pneumocytes, which are broad and flat and mediate gas exchange, and type II pneumocytes, which 1) make surfactant to keep the alveoli from collapsing and 2) serve as stem cells to regenerate type I pneumocytes after injury.

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