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Labor, parturition, begins with the onset of complex interactions between the placenta and fetus, triggered by the mother. Progesterone form the mother inhibits contraction of the uterus; the effects of progesterone are countered by a sharp increase in estrogen towards the end of pregnancy. The increase in the mother triggers the placenta to secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone that stimulates the fetus' anterior pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The ACTH stimulates the fetus' adrenal glands to secrete cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). The placenta converts DHEA to estrogen.

The large amount of estrogen increases the number of oxytocin receptors on the uterine muscle fibers. The oxytocin causes increases in the number of gap junctions. The gap junctions allow for coordinated contractions of the uterus. More oxytocin form the mother's posterior pituitary stimulates uterine contractions. The estrogen also stimulates the placenta to secrete prostaglandins that trigger the production of enzymes that digest the fibers of the cervix, softening it. Relaxin, from the placenta, increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps the cervix dilate.

The contractions of the uterus push the baby's head against the cervix, stretch receptors signal the hypothalamus of the mother to release more oxytocin, which increases the contraction strength and frequency and pushes the baby's head harder against the cervix completing the positive feedback cycle. When the contractions are regular and in short intervals and the cervix is dilated labor has begun.

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