The condition that results in the malfunctioning of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In GERD, the LES fails to close properly, allowing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus, leading to symptoms like heartburn and regurgitation. Other factors that can contribute to LES dysfunction include obesity, pregnancy, certain medications, and hiatal hernia.
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lower esophageal sphincter pressure ranging from 10-20 mm Hg; normal peristaltic waves; normal size, shape, position, patency and filling of the esophagus
Locked-in syndrome is the condition that results in a patient being aware but unable to move.
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Cholinergic blockers, also known as anticholinergics, dilate the pupil (mydriasis) by inhibiting the action of acetylcholine on the sphincter muscle of the iris, which normally constricts the pupil. This results in relaxation of the iris sphincter and allows the pupil to widen. These medications are often used in ophthalmology for diagnostic purposes and to facilitate eye examinations.
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Dental fluorosis is a condition that results from the overconsumption of fluoride during teeth development, leading to discoloration and pitting of the teeth.
When the external urethral sphincter is voluntarily relaxed while the pelvic splanchnic nerves are active, it results in the contraction of the detrusor muscle in the bladder, facilitating urination. The pelvic splanchnic nerves, which are part of the parasympathetic nervous system, stimulate bladder contraction and inhibit sphincter closure. This coordinated action allows for the expulsion of urine from the bladder through the urethra.
Patients who are taking muscle relaxants or drugs that act like or have an effect on the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (cholinergic or anti-cholinergic drugs) should tell the doctor since they will change the test results. The results will.
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