When heart rate increases above 160 bpm in a healthy young adult, cardiac output may initially rise due to the increased frequency of heartbeats. However, as the heart rate continues to elevate, there is often insufficient time for the heart to fill with blood between beats, leading to reduced stroke volume. Consequently, this can stabilize or even decrease overall cardiac output despite the high heart rate, as the heart struggles to maintain effective pumping efficiency at such elevated rates.
Both, peripheral resistance decreases and cardiac output increases.
Cardiac output is the total volume of blood that is pumped by the heart per minute. When you exercise, there is a greater demand for oxygen, which is carried in your blood, thus your cardiac output increases.
If stroke volume increases, more blood is pumped out of the heart with each contraction. This results in an increase in cardiac output, which is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. An increase in stroke volume can also lead to a drop in heart rate to maintain overall cardiac output.
It increases intrathoracic pressure which decreases venous return to the heart and causes a decrease in cardiac output.
It increases intrathoracic pressure which decreases venous return to the heart and causes a decrease in cardiac output.
Reduces the work load and increases cardiac output
regular aerobic exercise strengthens heart muscles which increases stroke volume (the volume of blood ejected with each contraction). since cardiac output = stroke volume * heart rate, this ultimately increases cardiac output.
Rest has a positive effect on cardiac output. This will promote a healthy heart rate in an individual without subjecting the heart to too much pressure.
If afterload increases, cardiac output may decrease, assuming other factors remain constant. This is because the heart has to work harder to eject blood against the higher resistance, potentially leading to reduced stroke volume. Over time, the heart may compensate through hypertrophy, but acute increases in afterload typically result in diminished cardiac performance.
cardiac output :)
generally it increases, however, there are some cases where the output actually decreases or remains the same.
Following the ingestion of a large amount of fluid, cardiac output typically increases. This is due to the expansion of blood volume, which enhances venous return to the heart. As a result, the heart pumps more blood per minute to accommodate the increased volume, leading to a temporary rise in both stroke volume and cardiac output. However, this effect may stabilize as the body adjusts to the new fluid levels.