There are numerous causes, but one of the most "abnormal" would be a pheochromocytoma a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal gland. That part of the adrenal gland is responsible for producing epinephrine, and the tumor often releases large amounts of epinephrine into the blood.
Adrenal Medulla
is it epinephrine?
increase heart rate
No. Caffeine and epinephrine are both stimulants. Caffeine stimulates the Central Nervous System (CNS) while epinephrine (also called adrenaline) stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. These both increase heart rate.
Epinephrine
Epinephrine can make you feel alert, increase your heart rate, and raise your blood pressure. It can also cause sweating, nausea, and trembling.
-cytosis indicates an abnormal increase in a type of cell, and -penia indicates an abnormal decrease. So leukocytosis is abnormal increase in white blood cells, and leukopenia is an abnormal deficiency of white blood cells.
Increase heart rate
epinephrine and norpepinephrine
epinephrine
Leukemia is an increase in the number of abnormal white blood cells in the bloodstream. These abnormal cells do not function properly and can crowd out normal white blood cells, leading to a weakened immune system.
Adrenalin (epinephrine) and noradrenalin (epinephrine) both work in the same way to increase the contractility of cardiac myocytes.They bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell (a β GPCR), which causes the activation of adenyl cyclase. This then increases the amount of cAMP in the cell, which allows for the phosphorylation and opening of voltage-operated calcium channels. This allows an influx of calcium into the cell, triggering the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.The increase of intracellular calcium is what causes the increase in contractility. Calcium is vital for cardiac muscle contraction - as it binds troponin and therefore allows cross-bridges to form between myosin and actin. Contraction then occurs.