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What are two ways in which active immunity can be acquired?
Active immunity can be acquired through natural exposure to an infectious agent, which triggers the body's immune response to produce antibodies. It can also be acquired through vaccination, where the immune system is exposed to a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen, leading to the production of antibodies without causing illness.
What is also known as acquired immunity?
Acquired immunity is a form of immunity gained from bacteria or viruses by the body ITSLEF. Essentially the body has encountered the pathogen (bacteria/virus) and learnt by itself which anti-bodies to produce to fight it. Once the body has found which antibodies are the most effective this information is stored in "memory cells" which, if encounter the same pathogen can quickly make the correct type antibodies to fight the invading pathogen and defeat it quickly. (antibodies are produced by lymphocytes which neutralize toxins and clump bacterium together meaning the phagocytes can engulf them quicker and digest via enzymes) acquired immunity is "natural" including Innate immunity (antibodies passed through placenta/breast milk. artificial immunity includes Active (given modified bacteria which does no harm but body learns how to produce antibodies) and Passive (injected with Antibodies - requires "top-up")
What is leukemia's pathogen?
leukemia is not a pathogen but rather a form of cancer that affects the bone marrow/blood. Basically it causes rapid production of immature white blood cells.that are not effective in providing immunity
What must a vaccination contain to make it effective in producing immunity?
A vaccination must contain either a weakened or inactivated form of the disease-causing pathogen, or specific pieces of the pathogen such as proteins or genetic material. This prompts the body's immune system to recognize and remember the pathogen, allowing it to quickly mount a response if the person is exposed to the actual pathogen in the future.
What is a substance that contains the antigen of a pathogen?
A substance that contains the antigen of a pathogen is known as a vaccine. Vaccines are designed to stimulate the immune system by introducing a harmless form or component of the pathogen, such as proteins or inactivated viruses. This exposure helps the body recognize and mount an immune response against the pathogen if encountered in the future, providing immunity.
What is the role of antibody?
Antibodies have the main job of flagging foreign bodies by connecting to the antigens on the pathogen surface, they do not destroy it however. They alert Macrophages (a form of phagocyte) to engulf the pathogen enclosing it into a pathogenic vacuole and lysosymes containing digestive enzymes fuse into the vacuole. This leads to the eventual immunity of a specific pathogen.
What is the medical term meaning type of immunity where memory cells are formed?
Adaptive Immunity is the type of immunity that creates memory cells. This is a specific type of immunity that reacts to the "non-self" antigen of pathogens. In the initial or first introduction to the pathogen, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) predominates the circulation. But in thesubsequentintroduction of the same pathogen where in memory cells were already formed from the previous event, Immunoglobulin G (IgG) now predominates. These antibodies either neutralize pathogens directly, or signals the complement system and/or the Natural Killer cells to eliminate the pathogen.Since memory cells are already formed, the body is better equipped in dealing with the same pathogen the second time around.This is the same concept in vaccinations, wherein we introduce into the body the same pathogen but in a weakened form removing it's virulence.
What are examples of artificial active immunity?
Active immunity is acquired from vaccinations or from infection against a pathogen. The next time you encounter the same pathogen your body has built memory against it and will be able to fight it much more efficiently. Passive immunity is primarily through a mother to a baby or fetus. Through the placenta the mother transfers her immunity (IgG antibodies) to her fetus. Also through breast milk she can although the placenta is much more so. The baby has her/his immunity from the mother but it only lasts a few months because the baby hasn't developed his/her own immunity.
Explain the principles of Immunization against communicable diseases?
a weaker/dead form of the pathogen is introduced to allow the body to produce the correct antibodies and make a memory-B cell that stimulates a faster immune response if the same pathogen is encountered a second time, preventing a full scale infection and making you "immune" to that pathogen
What is an attenuated organism?
An attenuated organism is a weakened form of a pathogen that is used in vaccines to trigger an immune response without causing the actual disease. This weakened organism is able to replicate in the body, stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells for future protection against the full-strength pathogen. Attenuated vaccines are effective because they closely mimic natural infections, providing robust and long-lasting immunity.
How are they different between active immunity and passive immunity different?
Passive immunity involves the bodies defenses which do not change for different types of microbes. This would be like Natural Killer B cells which attack a wide variety of microbes. Active immunity involves your body becoming acclimated toward a bacteria or virus, such that future contact will spur on a triggered response. An example of this would be the production of antibodies.
How do you produce immunity after a vaccine?
a vaccine is dead or weakened form of the virus you want to get immunity for. After the white blood cells fight them off, they already have the necessary antibodies to fight off stronger ones to come.
