Dysmenorrhea refers to the pain associated with menstruation, often experienced as cramping in the lower abdomen. It can be classified as primary dysmenorrhea, which is common and typically related to hormonal changes, or secondary dysmenorrhea, which is caused by underlying conditions such as endometriosis or fibroids. Symptoms may include sharp or dull pain, and they can vary in intensity from mild to severe. Treatment options include over-the-counter pain relievers, hormonal contraceptives, and lifestyle changes.