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The period of lost excitability, also known as the refractory period, refers to the time following an action potential during which a neuron is unable to fire another action potential. This period is divided into two phases: the absolute refractory period, where no stimulus can trigger another action potential, and the relative refractory period, where a stronger-than-normal stimulus is required to initiate one. This phenomenon is crucial for the proper functioning of nerve impulses, ensuring that signals are transmitted in a unidirectional manner and preventing excessive firing.

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