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Tetrodotoxin is a neurotoxin. It acts to neuronal depolarization and prevent subsequent action potentials via binding to the voltage gated sodium channels on the cell membrane.

In a healthy neuron, these voltage gated sodium channels are critical for generation of an action potential in response to graded depolarization (I.e. EPSP). As the neuron is depolarized, these channels open and allow for the influx of sodium ions into the cell, which in turn further depolarized the neuron in a positive feedback loop.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is the toxin found in blowfish (fugu).

Another harmful substance for the nervous system is manganese which causes manganism, resembling some aspects of Parkinson's disease.

Off the top of my head: 6-HO-dopamine, MPTP, ibotenic acid. Wikipedia these neurotoxins for their respective mechanisms of action

Source: degrees in neuroscience and neuropharmacology

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