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The brain stem is about the size of a thumb in diameter and approximately 3 inches (approximately 7.5 cm) long. It structures are the midbrain, pons, and the medulla obongata. The midbrain is mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers. The midbrain has two bulging fiber tract-cerebral peduncles. It also has four rounded protrusions. The midbrain reflex centers for vision and hearing. The pons are the bulging center part of the brain stem. It is mostly composed of fiber tracts. It includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing. The medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the brain stem, it merges into the spinal cord, includes important fiber tracts, and contains important control centers. Heart rate control, blood pressure regulation, breathing, swallowing and vomiting. Recticular formation, diffus mass of gray matter along the brain stem. Involved in motor control of visceral organs. Reticular activating system plays a role in awake/ sleep cycles and consciousness

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