The term for the upper surface of the tongue is the "dorsum of the tongue."
Amputation
Ankyloglossia is the medical term meaning tongue-tie, or shortened tongue due to the position of the frenulum.
Amputation?
A prosthetic, if it is replaced. Or an amputation if removed.
Hemiglossectomy is the medical term meaning surgical removal of half the tongue.
The medical term for tongue is "lingua" or "glossa".
"Long-tongue" is a zoology term. Specifically, long-tongue is used as an alternative term for a species of small woodpeckers which are more commonly referred to as wrynecks.
Macroglossia means enlarged tongue.
Lingual tonsillitis is the medical term meaning inflammation of lymph tissue at the back of the tongue.
A Tongue Ring??? I don't know. Edit: I think you're referring to a 'tongue-stud'
The Tagalog term for "tongue twister" is "balabalakit."