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A temperature change causes an expansion or a contraction of materials, some more than others. This is manifested as thermal strain. If the material is constrained however, so that it is not allowed to expand or contract, then a thermal stress must be induced to make the thermal strain equal to zero. So if the material would typically expand some epsilon1 under the given temperature change then a state of stress must be induced that results in a negative epsilon1 which can be accomplished knowing that stress is equal to strain times Young's modulus. There is likely no need to worry about shear strain, since it usually does not occur assuming you are dealing with an isotropic material.

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What is the thermal stress equation used to calculate the stress induced in a material due to changes in temperature?

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