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Everyone's blood cells have the same cell architecture and functional components (all blood cells are biconcave disks and contain hemoglobin unless there is a genetic disorder). However, the blood types are the result of different antigens (proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids) on the surface of the blood cells. The most frequently seen A, B, AB and O blood system is caused by different carbohydrate antigens. People with type A have type A antigen, people with type B have type B antigen, people with type AB have both antigens, and people with type O have no antigens. These antigens facilitate rejection of blood by activating the immune system. It turns out that the immune system in a person whose blood does not have the antigen type in the transfusion blood recognizes the transfusion blood as foreign. This elicits an immune response to eliminate the 'invaders' and can result in the clumping of transfused blood cells due to antibody binding, causing the clogging of smaller vessels. Other blood type systems such as the Rhesus system involve other groups antigens on blood cell surfaces.

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