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The ABO blood type is determined by specific glycoprotein molecules called antigens present on the surface of red blood cells. These antigens include A and B antigens, which are variations of the H antigen modified by specific enzymes. An individual's blood type (A, B, AB, or O) is based on the presence or absence of these antigens. For example, type A blood has A antigens, type B has B antigens, AB has both, and type O has neither.

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