The brain stem is divided into three section known as: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongatta. The medulla is referred to as the cardiac and respiratory centers of the body. It is in the medulla oblongatta that the basic control of the external respiration that occurs in the lungs. The medulla sends a signal via the phrenic nerve that control the involuntary portion of breathing. Breathing is a process that is unique in the body in that it is controlled both by voluntary and involuntary mechanisms.
The respiratory centers that control your rate of breathing are in the brainstem or medulla.Specialized nerve cells within the aorta and carotid arteries called peripheral chemoreceptors monitor the oxygen concentration of the blood and feed back on the respiratory centers.Peripheral chemoreceptors also monitor the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood. In addition, a central chemoreceptor in the medulla monitors the carbon dioxide concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds the brain and spinal cord; carbon dioxide diffuses easily into the CSF from the blood.If the carbon dioxide concentration gets too high, then both types of chemoreceptors signal the respiratory centers to increase the rate and depth of breathing. The peripheral and central chemoreceptors are also sensitive to the pH of the blood and CSF.
Exhalation is initiated by the generation of a signal from the respiratory center in the brain to the diaphragm and other muscles involved in the breathing process. This signal is triggered by an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood, which is detected by chemoreceptors in the body.
The brain monitors carbon dioxide levels in the blood in order to maintain homeostasis. High levels of carbon dioxide can signal the brain to increase breathing rate to expel the excess CO2 and restore balance.
Reflexes aren't actually controlled by the brain. When you blink in surprise or kick at the doctor's office, sensory nerves brought the signal to your spinal cord (encased in your vertebrae), which sent the message to act back. Reflexes are spinal.
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The nerves in your spine. A reflex originates from a input (something comming at you for example) it then travels 2 the spine and then directly to the part of your body that has to react. The signal will reach your brain enventually but always after the reaction has been set in motion. someone with great reflexes doesnt actually have great reflexes it just does go to your brain and gets processed first and then creates a action. This is mutch slower but mutch more accurate and therefore are you able to catch something.
In a part of our brain called medulla oblongata, there is a respiratory centre which consists of a inspiratory centre, expiratory centre and pneumotaxic higher controller. The inspiratory centre generates basal ramp signal to the main respiratory muscle of our body which is our diaphragm to contract. Expiration occurs without any neuronal intervention via elastic recoil of our longs and it occurs after the Hering-Breuer Reflex(cessation of inspiratory signal upon detection by stretch receptors). So,that's the physiology part...below is what should be covered within the domain of Biology. INSPIRATION Outer Intercostal Muscle contracts Inner Intercostal Muscle relaxes Diaphragm contracts Thoracic Volume increases Rib cage moves forward and upward Intra-thoracic pressure decreases For EXPIRATION, the opposite occurs Note that there are other muscles involved in breathing as well and these muscles can be classified as primary, accessory and airway respiratory muscles. Primary - Intercostal Muscles, Diaphragm Accessory(commonly used during strenuous exercise, Asthma or other respiratory illness)- sternoceidomastoid muscle, pectoralis major, quadratus lumborum and more. Airway(people who snores a lot have inactivity in this muscles during sleep) - Laryngeal, Pharyngeal and genioglossus.
A protection signalling system whereby a signal initiated at one station trips a circuit-breaker at another station.
The right hemisphere of the brain would register a touch on the left hand because of the way the brain is wired - the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice versa. So, when the left hand is touched, the signal is processed by the right hemisphere of the brain.
The pH level in the blood is a major regulator of breathing through the medulla oblongata in the brain. An increase in CO2 leads to a drop in blood pH, causing the brain to signal an increase in breathing rate to expel excess CO2 and restore pH balance. Alternatively, a decrease in CO2 leads to a rise in blood pH, causing the brain to signal a decrease in breathing rate to retain CO2 and maintain balance.
In a part of our brain called medulla oblongata, there is a respiratory centre which consists of a inspiratory centre, expiratory centre and pneumotaxic higher controller. The inspiratory centre generates basal ramp signal to the main respiratory muscle of our body which is our diaphragm to contract. Expiration occurs without any neuronal intervention via elastic recoil of our longs and it occurs after the Hering-Breuer Reflex(cessation of inspiratory signal upon detection by stretch receptors). So,that's the physiology part...below is what should be covered within the domain of Biology. INSPIRATION Outer Intercostal Muscle contracts Inner Intercostal Muscle relaxes Diaphragm contracts Thoracic Volume increases Rib cage moves forward and upward Intra-thoracic pressure decreases For EXPIRATION, the opposite occurs Note that there are other muscles involved in breathing as well and these muscles can be classified as primary, accessory and airway respiratory muscles. Primary - Intercostal Muscles, Diaphragm Accessory(commonly used during strenuous exercise, Asthma or other respiratory illness)- sternoceidomastoid muscle, pectoralis major, quadratus lumborum and more. Airway(people who snores a lot have inactivity in this muscles during sleep) - Laryngeal, Pharyngeal and genioglossus.