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When a lymphocyte recognizes a pathogen, it first binds to specific antigens on the pathogen's surface through its unique receptors. This recognition activates the lymphocyte, leading to its proliferation and differentiation into effector cells, such as cytotoxic T cells or antibody-secreting B cells. These effector cells work to eliminate the pathogen, either by directly killing infected cells or by producing antibodies that neutralize the pathogen. Additionally, memory cells are formed to provide long-term immunity against future infections by the same pathogen.

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