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The lungs are surrounded by a double layered membrane called the pleural membrane. The outermost layer (the parietal layer) is held close to the inner layer (the visceral layer) by a vacuum in the pleural cavity filled with a liquid to decrease friction as the two layers move during respiration. When one of the membranes are punctured (such as by a broken rib) air enters the pleural cavity (called a pneumothorax) and the tension between the two membranes is lost. The visceral membrane and the lung then shrink away and collapse as the elastic fibres in the lung deflate the lung. The two lungs are individually surrounded by the pleural membrane, so a pneumothorax in one does not alter the other.

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