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Ovaries make both estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone is released with the eggs and for a while after to help the body prepare for the possibility of pregnancy. If pregnancy doesn't occur, then the lesion on the ovary where the egg cell was released dries up and shrinks, reducing progesterone, and estrogen rises again. If pregnancy does occur, the corpus luteum (literally "yellow body") continues to secrete progesterone for the rest of the month until the growing placenta can take over that job. The placenta also produces a great deal of estriol (a weaker form of estrogen which helps prepare the breasts without harming the fetus or causing any reproductive symptoms).

The prefix "pro-" means "for," "gest" is the same root as in the word gestation, and, "sterone" is a common ending for steroid hormones. So literally, the word progesterone means "a hormone for helping pregnancy."

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