Write a note on diphtheria

Answer 1

Diphtheria is caused by a bacterium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The actual disease is caused when the bacteria release a toxin, or poison, into a person's body.Diphtheria bacteria live in the mouth, throat, and nose of an infected person and can be passed to others by coughing or sneezing. Occasionally, transmission occurs from skin sores or through articles soiled with oozing from sores of infected people.The incubation period is short: 2-5 days, with a range of 1-10 days.Early symptoms of diphtheria may mimic a cold with a sore throat, mild fever, and chills. Usually, the disease causes a thick coating at the back of the throat, which can make it difficult to breathe or swallow. Other body sites besides the throat can also be affected, including the nose, larynx, eye, vagina, and skin.Diphtheria is a serious disease: 5%-10% of all people with diphtheria die. Up to 20% of cases lead to death in certain age groups of individuals (e.g., children younger than age 5 years and adults older than age 40 years).Most complications of diphtheria are due to the release of the toxin, or poison. The most common complications are inflammation of the heart leading to abnormal heart rhythms, and inflammation of the nerves which may cause temporary paralysis of some muscles. If the paralysis affects the diaphragm (the major muscle for breathing), the patient may develop pneumonia or respiratory failure. The thick membrane coating at the back of the throat may cause serious breathing problems, including suffocation.The diagnosis of diphtheria can only be confirmed after a physician takes a small sample of infected material from the patient's throat (or other site) and has the sample tested in a laboratory. But because this disease progresses quickly, treatment usually should begin based on the health professional's assessment of the patient.Diphtheria is treated with both antibiotics and with diphtheria antitoxin. Diphtheria antitoxin is produced in horses and was first used in the United States in 1891. Antitoxin does not get rid of toxin that is already attached to the body's tissues, but will neutralize any circulating poison and will prevent the disease from getting worse. The patient should be tested for sensitivity to this antitoxin before it is given.