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Catabolic pathways involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy, while anabolic pathways synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, whereas potential energy is stored energy based on an object's position or configuration. Open systems exchange both matter and energy with their surroundings, whereas closed systems exchange only energy. Exergonic reactions release energy and occur spontaneously, while endergonic reactions absorb energy and are non-spontaneous.

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5d ago

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