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Lethal doses are determined through toxicological studies that assess the effects of a substance on living organisms, often using animal models. Researchers typically calculate the median lethal dose (LD50), which is the dose at which 50% of the test population dies within a specified time frame. This involves administering various doses of the substance and observing the outcomes, allowing scientists to establish dose-response relationships. Regulatory agencies also consider factors such as exposure routes and individual variability when evaluating lethal doses for humans.

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1mo ago

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