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No. Barbiturates are derived from barbituric acid (although some "synthetic barbiturates" exist). Gabapentin is not. Barbiturates act directly on GABA-A receptors (as do in benzodiazepines--but using a different mechanism) which causes their anxiolytic and sedative properties.
Gabapentin a synthetic drug, intended to mimic indigenous GABA; with the hopes (by its manufacturer) that it would act much like barbiturates and benzodiazepines. However, the actual effects of gabapentin are NOT directly on GABA-A or GABA-B receptors. How they effect the brain (and thus determining how to categorize such a drug))--well, it is simply unknown at this point by pharmacologists. Evidence is pointing to gabapentin's action as a calcium channel blocker. But in short, we don't really know.
If one had to categorize it, it would be a GABA analogue (pregabalin is another drug related to gabapentin). it is distinct from the Barbiturate structure; and it acts in a different area of the brain, so it in no way shape or form would be under the "barbiturate" category.
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