Ad hoc netwrork

Answer 1

Wireless Ad Hoc Networks has been ongoing

for decades. The history of wireless ad hoc networks can

be traced back to the Defense Advanced Research Project

Agency (DAPRPA) packet radio networks (PRNet),

which evolved into the survivable adaptive radio networks

(SURAD) program [11]. Ad hoc networks have play an

important role in military applications and related research

efforts, for example, the global mobile information

systems (GloMo) program [12] and the near-term digital

radio (NTDR) program [13]. Recent years have seen a

new spate of industrial and commercial applications for

wireless ad hoc networks, as viable communication

equipment and portable computers become more compact

and available.

Since their emergence in 1970's, wireless networks have

become increasingly popular in the communication

industry. These networks provide mobile users with

ubiquitous computing capability and information access

regardless of the users' location. There are currently two

variations of mobile wireless networks: infrastructured

and infrastructureless networks.

The infrastructured networks have fixed and wired

gateways or the fixed Base-Stations which are connected

to other Base-Stations through wires. Each node is within

the range of a Base-Station. A "Hand-off" occurs as

mobile host travels out of range of one Base-Station and

into the range of another and thus, mobile host is able to

continue communication seamlessly throughout the

network. Example applications of this type include

wireless local area networks and Mobile Phone.

The other type of wireless network, infrastructureless

networks, is knows as Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

(MANET). These networks have no fixed routers, every

node could be router. All nodes are capable of movement

and can be connected dynamically in arbitrary manner.

odeavesdropping, spoofing and denial-of-service attacks

in these networks.