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The Challenger disaster could have easily been avoided.

STS-51L (Challenger's last mission) was originally scheduled to launch on January 22. However a vast ammount of delays and aborts pushed the launch to the 28th. The morning on the 28th had been particularly cold, with temperatures close to 31 degrees Fahrenheit, the minimum temperature allowed for launch. The low temperature brought up concerns from engineers at Morton Thiokol, the manufacturers of the Space Shuttle's Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs). They were concerned about the effects of the cold weather on the space shuttle's rubber O-rings, which prevent hot gases from escaping the joints in the shuttle's SRBs. On previous shuttle missions, cold weather had caused the O-rings to fail, allowing hot gases to escape. Though this very dangerous problem had occured multiple times before, NASA and Thiokol management believed that because all of the past shuttle missions had been successful, the cold temperatures and a burn-through would not be an issue and the launch could continue as planned. NASA was trying to keep a tight schedule on shuttle launches to launch as many per year as possible. With the many delays that had already taken place, NASA did not want to delay the mission any longer.

Not only were Thiokol engineers worried about the cold temperatures, but Rockwell International (The manufacturers of the Space Shuttle orbiters) were also concerned. When they saw the large amount of ice formed on the shuttle launch pad, they expressed concerns that ice could damage the shuttle's thermal protection tiles during launch. Even so, the launch still continued as planned.

Shortly after launch, one of the O-rings on the right SRB certainly did fail, and worse than on any preceding shuttle flight. The hot gases that escaped knocked the right SRB off of its lower strut and burned a hole into the liquid hydrogen tank in the shuttle's external fuel tank (ET). As the lower liquid hydrogen tank in the ET failed, it was pushed into the upper liquid oxygen tank. With the ET failing structurally and disintegrating, and the right SRB spinning on its upper strut and firing in an anomalous direction, the space shuttle was torn apart by abnormal aerodynamic forces. Because the SRBs were stronger, they survived the breakup and continued in uncontrolled flight before they were destroyed by the range safety officer.

Had NASA management worked on solving the O-ring burn-through problems sooner or aborted the mission because of the cold weather, Challenger could have survived.

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