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A vacuum tube consists of several electrodes (e.g. cathode, grid(s), beam formers, plate). The cathode is kept red hot by a resistance heater so that it emits electrons. Grids, beam formers, etc. control the flow of these electrons from cathode to plate. The plate collects the electrons.

Depending on type of tube and the circuit it is connected to, vacuum tubes can act as: amplifiers, oscillators, modulators, demodulators, mixers, switches, logic gates, pulse shapers, flip-flops, etc.

Solid state components like bipolar transistors, JFETs, and MOSFETs can perform these very same functions as vacuum tubes; but with much less heat, power, voltage, size, and higher reliability. Only in applications where high power is absolutely necessary have vacuum tubes retained dominance (e.g. the cavity magnetron microwave power oscillator tube in microwave cookers).

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