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Prior to the 1800s, China imposed strict trade restrictions through the Canton System, which limited foreign trade to the port of Canton (Guangzhou) and required foreign merchants to operate through licensed Chinese merchants known as "cohong." Additionally, the Qing dynasty maintained a policy of isolationism, heavily regulating foreign interactions and imposing heavy tariffs on foreign goods. These measures aimed to control the flow of foreign influence and maintain economic sovereignty, ultimately leading to tensions with Western powers.

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