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Oliver Cromwell rose to power in England during the English Civil War by leading the Parliamentarian forces against King Charles I, ultimately achieving victory in the conflict. Following the king's execution in 1649, Cromwell became the Lord Protector, ruling with a combination of military authority and political maneuvering. In Ireland, he led a brutal campaign from 1649 to 1650 to suppress Royalist uprisings, resulting in significant territorial control and the establishment of English rule. His leadership marked a significant shift from monarchy to a republican form of governance, albeit through authoritarian means.

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