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The growth of Rome can be understood as imperial expansion and economic growth.

The Romans built a network of roads throughout their empire which totalled 400,000 kilometres (250,000 miles). They provided a communication system which facilitated travel, administration and trade. People could travel more easily. The roads were also used by government officials who were appointed in the provinces and had to travel there or were transferred from a province to another and by government messengers. They also facilitated the transport of goods for trade and therefore the growth in trade and the economy of the empire. The thriving trading networks which developed throughout the empire were a powerful agent of integration of the of the conquered peoples into empire and the roads contributed to this.

There were three types of Roman roads: the via munita, which was the stone-paved road, paved with rectangular blocks of local stone, or polygonal blocks of lava. It had a military purpose. It made the transport of military supplies to the camps at the front or to garrisons quicker and easier; the via glareata, which was an earthed road with a gravelled surface; the via terrena ,which was a rural road of levelled earth.

The stone-paved roads helped to defend and maintain Rome's imperial growth. They had a military purpose. The speeded up and made easier the movement of troops and of supplies to soldiers at the front or in garrisons. Since Rome was at war so often, they were very important. They also made communications and the transport of goods for trade easier.

The Romans started building aqueducts when population growth caused demand for water to outstrip the local sources. They brought water from the sources on the nearby mountains to the east of the city. The more the city grew the more aqueducts were built. Aqueducts were also built for the Roman towns around the empire. The supply of fresh water they provided was important for drinking, washing, cleaning, bathing, public hygiene, but also the manufacturing processes which required the use of water.

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