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The reforms of the army of 107 BC by Gaius Marius have been called the Marian reforms. These made joining the army voluntary, allowed the landless poor to join the army, and made the state pay for the soldiers' equipment. Previously soldiers were drafted by the state for the military campaigning season (March to October) and they had to be peasant-proprietors above a certain property threshold. This was because soldiers had to pay for their military equipment. At the end of the season, the soldiers went back to farming their land. The reforms abolished the property threshold, making the landless poor eligible for service. By making the state pay for the soldiers' equipment, the reforms made it possible for the poor to join the army.

The Marian reforms also established a career of 16 years (later Augustus increased it to 20 years). Soldiers were also entitled a grant of a sizeable sum of money (numnaria missio) or a plot of land to farm (agraria missio) on discharge. The poor flocked to the army because it gave them a career, a pay (the Roman state had started paying the soldiers in 405 BC) and a pension.

The reforms were instituted to increase recruitment because there was a shortage of soldiers.

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