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New Spain's distinctive colonial population, comprising Spanish settlers, Indigenous peoples, and enslaved Africans, created a complex social hierarchy that influenced its economy and societal structure. The Spanish elite controlled land and resources, relying on Indigenous labor for agriculture and mining, which became the backbone of the colonial economy. The blending of cultures and labor systems led to a diverse society marked by social stratification, with mestizos (mixed ancestry) emerging as a significant demographic group. This mix fostered a unique cultural identity, while economic activities remained largely focused on extraction and agriculture, shaping both the social dynamics and economic development of the colony.

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