How did the environment of the Indus Valley river civilization differ from that of Mesopotamia and Egypt?

Answer 1

The Indus Valley civilization was characterized by a more uniform and predictable monsoon climate, providing ample water for agriculture through seasonal rainfall, whereas Mesopotamia faced unpredictable flooding from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, requiring advanced irrigation techniques. Additionally, the Indus River was less prone to the salinization issues that affected Mesopotamia's agricultural productivity. In contrast, Egypt benefited from the annual flooding of the Nile, which deposited nutrient-rich silt, creating fertile land but was also relatively predictable. Overall, the Indus Valley's environment allowed for urban planning and advanced sanitation, differing from the more reactive agricultural strategies in Mesopotamia and the Nile's cyclical flooding in Egypt.