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Former European colonies gained independence through various means, including armed struggle, peaceful negotiations, and decolonization movements, particularly following World War II when anti-colonial sentiments surged. Many nations faced significant challenges post-independence, such as establishing stable governments, dealing with ethnic tensions, and addressing economic dependency on former colonial powers. Additionally, the lack of infrastructure and political experience often hindered their development, leading to social unrest and conflict in some regions. The legacies of colonialism, including arbitrary borders and resource exploitation, further complicated their paths to sustainable growth.

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