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The Melian dialogue is a dramatic imaginary dialogue in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. The Athenians demanded that the Melians surrender their city and pay them tribute or face the destruction of their city. The Melians claimed their right to remain neutral, appealing to the Athenians' sense of mercy toward a small, neutral, and defenceless city. Thucydides' imagines how such a dialogue could have taken place and in this he explores the self-interest of the Athenians, the uneven balance of power between mighty Athens and tiny Melos and whether Athens's decision to attack Melos was just. After a long siege, Athens broke through the defences, killed all the men and sold the women and children as slaves.

Thucydides thought that interstate relations were based on might rather than right. Because of this, international relations allowed the mighty do as they please and force the weak to suffer a"s they must". He was the first writer to use the expression "might is right" which is often translated as might makes right.

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