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The tribute system of the Chinese Emperor was based on a hierarchical model where neighboring states acknowledged China's superiority and paid tribute in exchange for trade and protection. This system emphasized the cultural and political dominance of China, with the Emperor viewed as the "Son of Heaven." In contrast, European diplomatic relations were characterized by a more egalitarian approach, where states engaged in negotiations as sovereign equals, often emphasizing mutual benefit and formal treaties rather than hierarchical submission. This fundamental difference shaped interactions and perceptions between China and European powers during their encounters.

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