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Generally speaking while the torpedo's explosive package does do damage, most are designed to explode very close to the target boat and create a "void" in he water causing the ship to buckle under its own structural pressure. In other words, it makes a HUGE bubble under the boat and it sinks. Torpedoes are set to detonate at a certain range and depth; ideally at the centre of a ship. The blast created lifts the ship at this point before the downward movement from the 'void' breaks the spine of the ship. Torpedoes do not actually 'hit' a ship.

The torpedo does not actually "hit" a ship because it explodes underneath the vessel. This creates steam (essentially) in enormous amounts of pressure that lifts up the ship and smacks it back down, while at the same time the explosion is striking the ships hull. This is why, in videos, you see the ship being lifted upward and dropped. One slight exception is the MK 48 using CBASS, which gives the operator a choice to strike the target or explode underneath. We'd use the strike method if there is not enough metal on the ship (fishing boats, modern aluminum made structures etc). This is usually detected by either visual confirmation or a weak acoustic signature if a submarine goes active. The MK48 is also used on surface ships (I have no experience with their systems as I was a bubblehead). My last command was the USS HARTFORD, I retired from the Navy as STSC(SS/AW). Anchors Aweigh!

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