Figureing it out still.
they mainly used arrows, and they invented the cannons, and normal swords etc. they used the cannons to bring down castle walls. and they were very good at archery so they used that more than they used swords.
There were several attempts by Muslim armies to conquer Constantinople before Ottoman Muslim Sultan Mehmet II el-Fatih (the Conqueror) overran the city's defenses in 1453. The Muslims were unable to conquer Constantinople in those attacks because of how well the city is fortified. The Old City of Constantinople is on a small peninsula and the city walls went right up to the water. This meant that no siege weaponry could be used on three sides of the city. Correspondingly, the only land-border of the city was extremely well-fortified and developed. Additionally, since the land border was west-facing, it would require the Muslims, who were generally coming from the east, to move around the city's north or south face and given the defenders of the city enough time to prepare an effective defense.
After the invention of gunpowder, Constantinople enhanced its defenses by reinforcing its formidable walls, particularly the Theodosian Walls, which were upgraded to withstand cannon fire. The city also strategically positioned large cannons along the walls to defend against attackers. Additionally, they implemented improved military tactics and fortified their naval defenses to protect against potential sieges by sea. These measures were essential in maintaining the city's security during the era of gunpowder warfare.
Technically and literally, ANY castle could be besieged, it was a matter of strategy and tactical prowess.Siege engines from ballistae to cannon were able to physically damage defences in order to create breaches for troops to attack.Other siege engines like siege towers and ladders allowed soldiers to move around and over defences and invade without damaging the castle in question (since wall repairs are costly and time-consuming).Starvation, disease, fire and even chemical were frequently used to kill defenders inside the walls of a castle.Archers, crossbowmen, slingers, javelin throwers, etcetera could also kill the defenders of a castle one man at a time, but they would have to be of superior quality (as the defenders would have higher ground and walls to use as cover).
scaling the walls with ladders
The best weapons for besieging a castle historically include trebuchets and battering rams, which are effective for breaching walls. Catapults and ballistae can launch projectiles over walls to target defenders or cause structural damage. Additionally, siege towers allow attackers to scale walls while providing cover from defenders. Lastly, mining under walls can weaken their foundations, leading to collapse.
The walls around Constantinople, known as the Theodosian Walls, extended approximately 22 miles (35 kilometers) in length. Constructed in the 5th century, they included a series of double walls with a moat and were designed to protect the city from invasions. The walls were among the most formidable fortifications of their time, contributing significantly to the city's defense for centuries. They remained largely intact until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
The Turks captured Constantinople in 1453 primarily through a combination of military strategy and advanced technology. Led by Sultan Mehmed II, they utilized large cannons, including the massive "Basilica" cannon, to breach the city's formidable walls. The Ottomans also employed effective siege tactics, cutting off resources and reinforcements to the city while outmaneuvering the defenders. Ultimately, after a prolonged siege, they stormed the city on May 29, 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.
Gunpowder
Figureing it out still.
Its geographic position and protective city walls.
they mainly used arrows, and they invented the cannons, and normal swords etc. they used the cannons to bring down castle walls. and they were very good at archery so they used that more than they used swords.
Common causes of hairline stucco cracks on exterior walls include temperature changes, settling of the building, and poor application of the stucco. Effective solutions for these cracks include filling them with caulk or stucco patching compound, addressing underlying structural issues, and maintaining the stucco with regular inspections and repairs.
They had sea walls and land walls to protect invaders from entering
Mehmet II, also known as Mehmet the Conqueror, took control of Constantinople in 1453 through a well-planned military campaign that combined innovative tactics and overwhelming force. He laid siege to the city for about two months, utilizing large cannons, including the famous Basilica cannon, to breach the formidable walls. On May 29, after a final assault, his forces overcame the defenders, leading to the fall of the city. This victory marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and established Constantinople as the new capital of the Ottoman Empire.
It was a strategic move of the capital of the roman empire from rome to constinople. The high walls lasted from lots of invasions.