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Rapid modernization led to massive wealth inequalities in Middle Eastern countries and high amounts of corruption. There were many political factions that would dissent from the typical government structure such as the Nationalists, the Socialists, the Liberals, and the Islamists. However, the first three only disagreed with the manner of modernization whereas Islamism disagreed with the entire premise of modernization. For people who saw their entire world erode because of modernization and saw the corruption that modernization brought, they believed that only the Islamist refusal to validate modernization was the proper response. While Islamism is not necessary fundamentalist, many forms of Islamism, especially in countries with more poverty, are fundamentalist.

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