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During the Middle Ages, an accused criminal could get what was called Benefit of Clergy. The idea was that the secular courts tried secular people, and the Church tried the clergy. The whole question of who clergy were was surprisingly confusing because monks were not ordained and monastic vows varied. And so for the purposes of law, it started with clergy being defined as people who had the robes and haircut of clergy, then it became people who could read, and finally, it was people who could read the 51st Psalm. Students were included as clergy for legal purposes.

The Church gave out more lenient sentences, did not use torture, and if a person was imprisoned, provided better food and a better place to live.

In many places, a fugitive could also claim sanctuary in a church or monastery, which allowed him at least time to meditate his sins, confess, and do penance - often at least six weeks, and in many cases permanently. (I will point out that many people could learn to read the 51st Psalm in under six weeks.)

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