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Both had autocratic rulers who ruled partly through appointed local Governors. Only, Mesopotamian cities were much more independent than those of Egypt and were practically City-States. The central ruler ("King" in Mesopotamia, "Pharaoh" in Egypt) was in theory all-powerful in both States, but in Mesopotamia his actual power depended on the force and personality of individual kings, much more so than in Egypt. Both rulers were seen as descendants from the Gods, but the Pharaohs were seen as gods themselves, the Mesopotamian kings on the other hand had 'human' status.

All in all, the differences between the political systems were probably greater than the similarities.

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