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Several ancient Roman buildings had a dome. The most famous one is the Pantheon, which was originally a temple dedicated to all gods. It is well preserved because it was turned into a Christian church. Its dome is still the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world. However, it is not a central dome. The temple is a rotunda whose wall supports the dome.

Other ancient Roman buildings in Rome which had a dome were the Baths of Agrippa, the Baths of Trajan. A Temple in Baiae (near Naples) had a dome. Since the 17th century it has been called Temple of Mercury. Originally it was called Temple of Echo because sounds echoed around the dome. It was the largest dome in the world until the Pantheon was built in Rome.

The churches of the Eastern Romans (also called Byzantines) usually had a central dome and sometimes two to four more domes. The most famous of these is the church of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (now Istanbul).

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