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Yes, they were. It can be argued that Akhenaten, the heretic king, was a montheist, but he was not at all successful in bringing this kind of belief to the country as a whole. The individual priesthoods were too powerful, and at his death the worship of the one god Aten went rapidly into disfavor. If Akhenaten had been a little more politically gifted, he may have been able to turn the Aten cult very much to his favor. In days that were ancient even to Akhenaten, pharaoh was technically the High Priest of every cult in the land, and this assured and consolidated his power. Over the long decline in the power and influence of the kings, the individual priesthoods of the cults, and their individual high priests, became more and more powerful-- to the point that they eventually overshadowed the power of the kings themselves. If Akhenaten had somehow gotten everyone to line up with him in the worship of Aten, he might have ushered in a new age of total pharaonic power, since he would be the one and only High Priest. Who knows? That might even have been part of his intention.

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