Israelis and Palestinians were never united, so they never actually split.
Jews in Mandatory and Pre-Mandatory Palestine were never well-integrated into the Muslim mainstream society. As a result, they consistently had a unique sense of individual nationhood. As Zionism became more prevalent, there was an increasing cognizance on the Muslim side that the Jews were going to develop a nation state and became increasingly more violent to them as a result.
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The French and Indian War and its aftermath.
The death of Alexander the Great caused his unified empire to be split three ways under his top generals. This caused a great deal of unrest in what was Alexander's empire.
The largest two Islamic groups are Shi'a and Sunni Muslims. These two groups now have quite different beliefs, but the original split was caused by the question of who was to succeed Muhammad. The Sunni's believe that Abu Bakr was his rightful successor, but the Shi'a believe that Muhammad chose his cousin Ali.
Most historians cite the passage of the Kansas - Nebraska Act to have caused the collapse of the US political party known as the Whigs. The Whigs split off into the Republican Party and the Know - Nothing Party.
What caused the split was Muhammad's death in 632.
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Slavery.
What are the two colonies that split? Please edit your question to include more context.
The Methodist Church split into a northern and a southern division over the issue of slavery.
Rehoboam
Rodinia split apart due to the tectonic forces caused by mantle convection beneath the Earth's lithosphere. This led to the formation of rifts, which ultimately caused the breakup of Rodinia into smaller landmasses. This breakup eventually contributed to the formation of the modern continents.
The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act split the Republican party into the Progressives and the Old Guard. The split caused a loss in the next election.
An explosion split it in two sinking the whole ship.
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