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The main cause of the Peloponnesian War was Athens' ambition and its success in promoting that ambition, which made the city-states in its empire resentful, and those not in its empire fearful of its dominant navy, which could strike anywhere.

There was a succession of cities involved in the lead up to hostilities - Kerkyra, Potidaia and finally Megara, the flashpoint. Athens decreed that Megara could not trade inside Athens' empire. This meant slow extinction for Megara which relied on trade. Its friends importuned Sparta to intercede: the Athenians were adamant, and war ensued.

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