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Sadi Carnot is known for developing the concept of the heat engine and the Carnot cycle, which laid the foundation for thermodynamics by illustrating the limits of efficiency in converting heat into work. James Young established the principle of the conservation of energy and contributed to the understanding of the relationship between heat and work. Joseph Black discovered latent heat and specific heat, helping to clarify how heat is absorbed or released during phase changes and temperature changes. Count Rumford conducted experiments that demonstrated heat is not a fluid but a form of energy, leading to the understanding that heat can be generated by mechanical work.

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