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Louis XIV was succeeded by his great-grandson, Louis XV, who was the sole surviving male heir to the French throne (aside from Louis XIV's grandson, Philippe, Duc d'Anjou, who was now King of Spain as Philip V) after a smallpox epidemic in Paris had decimated most of the French royal family. Louis XV was born Louis, Duc d'Anjou, and was the son of Louis, duc de Bourgogne, a grandson of Louis XIV.

On his deathbed, Louis XIV was reported to have said: "Je m'en vais, mais l'État demeurera toujours." ("I am going away, but the State will always remain"). Although he was dying of gangrene, and not small pox, the sole male heir was considered far too important to risk infection, and was not anywhere near the dying king. The only people present at his deathbed were a priest officiating last rites, and a few of his close advisors.

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