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The emperor Diocletian created the tetrarchy (rule by four) and created four main administrative units (not two) which were called praetorian prefectures. Diocletian appointed fellow general Maximian as co-emperor. Maximian took overall control of the western part of the empire, while Diocletian took overall control of the eastern part. These two men became senior emperors (Augusti) when Diocletian appointed two junior emperors (Caesars). The Caesars, Galerius and Constantius, were subordinate to the Augusti and took charge of defending the troubled frontier areas along the rivers Danube (in the east) and Rhine (in the west) respectively, which were under constant attack from outside. Each co-emperor was in charge of one of the four praetorian prefectures. Diocletian took charge of Oriens: eastern Libya (Cyrenaica) Egypt. the territories in Asia and Thrace (the south-eastern corner of the Balkan Peninsula). Maximilian took charge of Italia: Italy Africa (north-western Africa). Constantius I took charge of of Galliae: Britannia (England and Wales) and Gaul and Hispania (spain and Portugal). The Galerius took charge of Illyricum: most of the Balkan Peninsula in south-eastern Europe. These were units of a single empire which, Diocletian stressed, was indivisible. Each emperor had an imperial seat. They were Nicomedia (modern Izmit in north-western Turkey) for Oriens Sirmium (modern Sremska Mitrovica, near Belgrade, in Serbia) for Illyricum, Mediolanum (modern Milan in Italy) for Italia et Africa and Augusta Trevorum (modern Triers in Germany) for Galliae. Rome ceased to be the capital of the Empire.
This reform had several aims: 1) The bad experience of recent sole emperors suggested to Diocletian that sole emperors were vulnerable and that co-emperorship made power more secure. 2) Diocletian had no male issue. Therefore, he needed a trusted co-ruler from outside the family. 3) There was a need to improve imperial control over the empire. There had been conflict between powerful men in every province of the empire. Diocletian shared controlling the provinces with Maximian. 4) There was also a need to improve the efficiency of the defence of the vast frontiers of the empire from constant attacks from outside. The creation of these four units was not a division of the empire which, as Diocletian stressed, was indivisible. It was an administrative arrangement.
Co-emperorship was not new. Previously emperors had made their sons co-emperors with one in charge of the east and the other in charge of the east. The purpose was the same, improving the defence of the frontiers. After the tetrarchy, there was an alternation of periods of co-emperorship and periods with a sole emperor. This clearly shows that the empire was not divided.
Diocletian took measures to improve imperial control over the provinces and the provincial governors, who were powerful and had often started civil wars to seize power or usurped the imperial title. He more than doubled the number of provinces by subdividing them, thus decreasing their size. This curtailed the power of the governors and also made tax collection and the enforcement of the law more efficient. He grouped the provinces under sixteen dioceses headed by a vicarious (vicars) who was a deputy of the head of the praetorian prefecture. He reduced the role of the governors to that of presiding over the lower courts. The higher courts were now presided over by the vicars. Tax collection, which was previously assigned to the procurators (juniors of the governors) was now divided between the governors and to the vicars. Military command was taken away from the governors. Diocletian separated civilian and military power by creating new military commanders, the duces (dukes) which were separate from the civil service (previously the governors also commanded the troops in their provinces). The duces sometimes headed troops in two or three provinces.
The measures taken by Diocletian increased the size of the bureaucracy, probably doubling it from 15,000 to 30,000. This was a disproportionately high number given the population of the empire at the time. Half of this was provincial and diocesan officials. The other half was the staff of the praetorian prefects, the imperial court and grain supply officials. The imperial court was highly structured. It was organised in different departments headed by magistri (ministers). There were legal advisers and two treasurers, one of the public treasuries and one for the imperial estates.
Constantine the Great brought the tetrarchy to an end by winning two civil wars and became the sole emperor. He decided to mark this by establishing his own imperial seat. He redeveloped the city of Byzantium and renamed it after himself: Constantinople (which means city of Constantine). Apart from this he retained the administrative reforms of Diocletian. He tackled the problem of hyperinflation (which Diocletian had tried to solve by imposing caps on the prices of goods, which failed) by temporarily suspending the minting of silver coins and concentrating of issuing large quantities of gold coins. In the long run this worked. Constantine also issued the edict of Milan (together with the co-emperor Licinius) which completed the termination of the Great Persecution of the Christians, which had been decreed by the Edict of Toleration by the emperor Galerius two years earlier. He also supported the Christians. He promoted Christians in the imperial administration. He built important Christian churches. He convened synods and ecumenical councils to try to arbitrate disputes between rival Christian doctrines.
There was a reform of the army which some attribute to Diocletian and some to Constantine. Previously the bulk of the army was stationed along the frontiers of the empire to defend them. As this had proved to be not very effective, the number of legions stationed on the frontiers was reduced and much of the army was moved further inside the empire. Those of the frontier provided a first line of defence which was then baked up by the other troops further in. This was designed to improve the mobility of the army and improve their deployment in the areas where they were needed.
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What did Diocletian do to fix romes problem?
Diocletian implemented a series of reforms to stabilize and strengthen the Roman Empire, which was facing economic and administrative challenges. He divided the empire into the Eastern and Western Roman Empires and established the Tetrarchy, appointing co-emperors to enhance governance. To address inflation, he enacted price controls and restructured the tax system. Additionally, he reformed the military to protect the empire's borders and improve its defense.
What caused the Middle Ages?
The Middle Ages came about partly because of a decline in literacy and power of the Roman government, starting with the Crisis of the Third Century. These happened in turn largely because of a disastrous series of civil wars that took place during that century, and ongoing wars with the Persians. Another factor leading to the Middle Ages was the division of the Roman Empire into two related empires, the Roman Empire of the West, and the Roman Empire of the East, which was first done in 286 and became permanent in 395. When the Western Empire was attacked by a series of Germanic hordes, the Eastern Empire was too busy to help. The attempts of Diocletian and Constantine to fix things repaired things a bit, but by that time, the Romans were too dependent on German soldiers to control their own destiny. Piece after piece of the Western Empire fell into the control of Germanic kings who established their own kingdoms within the Empire, and more often than not, these kings only gave lip service to their position in the empire. Many historians have dated the Middle Ages to the year 476, when the last Emperor of the West was deposed, and event referred to as the Fall of Rome. The social commercial and literary life of the Empire of the West pretty much collapsed, and did not recover until the Middle Ages were very much under way. There are links to articles on the Decline of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages below.
Who was the first dictator of Ancient Rome?
The term dictator is related to the early Roman state [the Republic]. At the time it did not have any negative meaning: it was just the Roman title given to someone who got complete - and temporary - executive powers in times of emergency. The first man ever to formally carry the Roman title 'dictator' was Titus Lartius Flavus, around 500 BC. The first dictator with the current (negative) meaning of the word was Publius Cornelius Sulla in 212 BC, who used dictatorial powers to do away with his personal enemies; the last one, at least in ancient Rome, was Julius Caesar.
Congress can fix the standard for what and measures?
the congress can fix standards for weights
Are geothermal heat pumps expensive to fix?
Yes the geothermal are expensive to fix because they have to use the same process of installing it at first
What was the importance of diocletian?
Diocletian was a Roman Emperor who reformed Roman policies to fix the perceived problems of the time. Many of these reforms improved the empire for a time or persisted until the fall of the empire
Why was Rome empire divided into two sections?
When the emperor died he had two sons. Because when a man died, his belongings would go to his sons, the empire was divided in two halves. Each son of the roman emperor got a halve of the empire. If he would have had 3 sons, it would have been divided in 3 parts.
What caused the Middle Ages?
The Middle Ages came about partly because of a decline in literacy and power of the Roman government, starting with the Crisis of the Third Century. These happened in turn largely because of a disastrous series of civil wars that took place during that century, and ongoing wars with the Persians. Another factor leading to the Middle Ages was the division of the Roman Empire into two related empires, the Roman Empire of the West, and the Roman Empire of the East, which was first done in 286 and became permanent in 395. When the Western Empire was attacked by a series of Germanic hordes, the Eastern Empire was too busy to help. The attempts of Diocletian and Constantine to fix things repaired things a bit, but by that time, the Romans were too dependent on German soldiers to control their own destiny. Piece after piece of the Western Empire fell into the control of Germanic kings who established their own kingdoms within the Empire, and more often than not, these kings only gave lip service to their position in the empire. Many historians have dated the Middle Ages to the year 476, when the last Emperor of the West was deposed, and event referred to as the Fall of Rome. The social commercial and literary life of the Empire of the West pretty much collapsed, and did not recover until the Middle Ages were very much under way. There are links to articles on the Decline of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages below.
How did the US fix the weaknesses of the roman republic?
they did not thats why we are in the state we are in
In 212 CE Caracalla attempted to fix the budget crisis by granting Roman citizenship to?
individuals or entire communities as rewards for good service. In 212 CE the emperor Caracalla granted citizenship to all free, adult, male inhabitants of the empire
Whom did Julius Caesar instruct to fix the calendar in 46 BC?
Sosigenus fixed the Roman Calendar
Who is the roman god of fixing things?
His name is Fixter he can fix anything his opposite is Fixter X
What is the Strangest homework excuse?
I was kidnaped by giant worms and they took me to their subteranian empire. They told me that they required my help to fix their heater. That strange enough?
Empire earth 3 no CD fix?
perhaps this site would help, but the links seem to be down at the moment http://www.gameburnworld.com/gp/gamefixes/empireearth3.shtml
What were some of the main causes for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire as governed by Rome?
Most historians mark the year of 476 AD as the end of the Roman Empire. It took almost 200 years of decline however before the last Emperor in Rome, Romulus Augustus, went into exile. This effectively ended Imperial Rome. The first 500 years of Rome's dominance began as a republic and beginning with Augustus Caesar, the transition from republic to empire began. The decline charted by historians began as late as 300 AD. Because no new lands were being conquered, no new farmlands and the taxation of them slowed down. This also snowballed into a difficult situation as no new slaves from conquered lands were available for either agricultural or industry work. For all practical purposes slavery was the base of Roman prosperity. The economic decline resulted in a deflation of the currency and thus without new monies, enterprise development declined. The Imperial government tried to "fix" things but only made matters worse. Regulation of the Roman economy by freezing prices and wages was a failure. Equally important was the lack of a stable government. Corruption ran rampant and government changes in economic policy were impossible to be implemented.Without new lands to conquer and to seize booty from them & in conjunction with significant inroads into Roman lands by various barbarian peoples, the empire's ability to protect its borders failed to meet its once invincible powers. The Roman legions, the last hope of maintaining the empire were without strong leadership and many legions were populated by non Romans. German tribes as example made up a good portion of Rome's northern borders.
Why do people fix cars?
people fix cars in hopes to get paid to fix them, or to buy them cheap, fix them, and sell them, high.
How do you fix bakgon?
how do you fix bakugon?
