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People had to make do with less because of the disruption of trade and the need to concentrate resources on war production. Bombing killed 50,000 and destroyed nearly half a million houses, and for a time invasion was widely expected. Over a million children were evacuated from major cities: for many it was the first time they'd seen the countryside. Rationing controlled food supplies, yet paradoxically living standards remained high as necessities were distributed more equally. Women replaced men again in essential war work. From 1942 the country adjusted to the arrival of 1.5 million US troops in preparation for the invasion of German-occupied France: "Oversexed, overpaid and over here" was a complaint of male Britons which reflected tensions with the newcomers in many areas. The war left Britain victorious but exhausted: "austerity" became the order of the day as the government sought to restore the nation's balance of payments. Rationing only ended in 1954 (remarkably, bread was rationed only in 1946-48, after the war's end).

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