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There were a number of things behind the development of medieval towns.

First, there was an increase in agricultural production, driven by new technologies. These included the horse collar, horse shoes, the heavy plow, the three field system of crop rotation, and the introduction of new crops from the East. The increase in production freed a part of the population to do other things than farming.

Another important force behind the development of towns was an increase in trade. This depended on stable currency, which was introduced by Charlemagne, on the Continent, and King Offa of Mercia, in Britain. Also, it required improvements in transportation, which came from improvements in shipbuilding, better roads, and improved security for travelers.

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13y ago

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