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Apart from the usual illnesses that were endemic in the seventeenth century; the most prolific killers were Typhus and Plague. Typhus is caused by body life and is particularly lethal for adults, but less so for children. In cramped, over-populated conditions throughout the winter months, when people were rarely able to wash themselves or change their clothes, lice spread and with them typhus. In besieged military garrisons such as Newark and Bristol, typhus was probably the most regular and most prolific killer of adult civilians.The plague was always a problem, but the severity of conditions throughout the war, meant that when it periodically surfaced people were not well enough to cope with the new infection. Unlike typhus, plague kills people from all classes and ages and there was a high mortality rate for all infected.

In a royalist garrison such as Newark on Trent in Nottinghamshire, which was besieged three times between 1643-1646, as much as a quarter of the civilian population of the ton were killed by both plague and typhus

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